Graphs have limited value, even for many of the tasks which they are supposed to support. The harder question coming from this interrogation is how do we elegantly support the range of possible interactions both in pre-defined Semantic Web applications and in dynamic explorations of Semantic Web resources?? We have only sketched out some examples of current SW applications to support old tasks better and in new ways enabled by the Semantic Web, and to explore more dynamically SW-RDF resources for user-determined exploration. As is evident, much more innovative work is possible and needs to be done.
since the data model is a graph, the UI has to be, too, no?
We now know that water vapor exists in the atmosphere of one extrasolar planet and there is good reason to believe that other extrasolar planets contain water vapor
2011-10-26: First extrasolar water world? Gliese 581d. 2013-12-05: More detailed studies of extrasolar atmospheres
The presence of atmospheric water was reported previously on a few exoplanets orbiting stars beyond our solar system, but this is the first study to conclusively measure and compare the profiles and intensities of these signatures on multiple worlds. The 5 planets — WASP-17b, HD209458b, WASP-12b, WASP-19b and XO-1b — orbit nearby stars.
2013-12-26: Europa has a 201km high water vapor plume. Marked down as a prime tourism destination.
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has observed water vapor above the frigid south polar region of Jupiter’s moon Europa, providing the first strong evidence of water plumes erupting off the moon’s surface.
A team of scientists has discovered the first evidence of water ice clouds on an object outside of our own Solar System. Water ice clouds exist on our own gas giant planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune — but have not been seen outside of the planets orbiting our Sun until now.
2014-11-23: Europa has an ocean 100km deep, with 3x as much water as earth. Looks like NASA is getting serious about a mission there. That mission will be a defining moment for this century: Imagine what will happen if they find life. See also this amazing overview picture:
2015-04-10: Looks like the Mars water estimates vary:
Mars has distinct polar ice caps, but Mars also has belts of glaciers at its central latitudes in both the southern and northern hemispheres. A thick layer of dust covers the glaciers, so they appear as surface of the ground, but radar measurements show that underneath the dust there are glaciers composed of frozen water. New studies have now calculated the size of the glaciers and thus the amount of water in the glaciers. It is the equivalent of all of Mars being covered by more than 1 meter of ice.
Pluto is a wondrous world indeed. Another new finding makes it even more remarkable: evidence for a subsurface ocean of water. This had also been reported on previously by AmericaSpace, but the new update strengthens the case. A water ocean on Pluto? How is that even possible? Well, first it is a subsurface ocean, similar to ones on Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Enceladus, among others. Temperatures on the surface are much, much too cold for liquid water (water ice is hard as rock and at lower latitudes near the equator, temperatures on Pluto can reach almost -200 degrees Celsius), but deep below the surface seems to be a different story.
2017-04-26: Most habitable planets are waterworlds
We find that most habitable planets have surfaces that are over 90% water. If Earth is indeed unusually dry for a habitable planet, then one might wonder what the mechanism was. Does the Solar system have some distinguishing feature that was responsible? For example, perhaps the low eccentricities and inclinations of Solar system planets are inefficient at promoting water delivery. It also appears feasible that the Earth has an unusually deep ocean basin. The gravitational potential associated with its surface fluctuations is much higher than any other body in the Solar system. In turn, this may suggest that the Earth has unusually strong tectonic activity, and consequently, an abnormally strong magnetic field.
The radar investigation shows that south polar region of Mars is made of many layers of ice and dust down to a depth of ~1.5 km in the 200 km-wide area analyzed in this study. A particularly bright radar reflection underneath the layered deposits is identified within a 20 km-wide zone.
Our data indicate that 35% of all known exoplanets which are bigger than Earth should be water-rich. These water worlds likely formed in similar ways to the giant planet cores (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) which we find in our own solar system. The newly-launched TESS mission will find many more of them, with the help of ground-based spectroscopic follow-up. The next generation space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, will hopefully characterize the atmosphere of some of them. This is an exciting time for those interested in these remote worlds. This is water, but not as commonly found here on Earth. Their surface temperature is expected to be in the 200-500 Celsius range. Their surface may be shrouded in a water-vapor-dominated atmosphere, with a liquid water layer underneath. Moving deeper, one would expect to find this water transforms into high-pressure ices before we reaching the solid rocky core.
ESA’s Mars Express mission recently photographed the Korolev crater on Mars, filled almost to the brim with water ice. When I first saw this image I thought, oh cute!, assuming the crater was maybe 10m across. But no, it’s 82km across and the thickest part of the ice is over 1600m thick.
JWST is a dream come true for exoplanet astronomers. It’s the most ambitious space telescope ever built. I like to say that the JWST will be 10000x better than the Hubble Space Telescope. A 10x bigger mirror, so with more light-gathering power you can observe things that are fainter; 10x more wavelength coverage — well into the infrared where Hubble stops. Having the infrared wavelength coverage will let us push to much cooler and thus potentially more habitable planets than we’ve been able to study before, and it helps us see through the clouds on these planets. There’s also 10x better stability, and 10x better spectral resolution. That means we can see the exact wavelengths in the planet’s color spectrum that are getting absorbed by molecules in its atmosphere, which lets us determine the chemical composition of atmospheres more precisely. There is no planet known where JWST will have the sensitivity required to detect biosignatures like this. Oxygen is really challenging to detect because the features are small compared to other molecules. For observable planets that are in the habitable zone of their stars, even if there is much more oxygen than is present on Earth, we would still need 10s of transits of the planet in front of the star to detect it. Any added difficulty, like clouds in the atmosphere or instrumental noise from JWST, would make it prohibitive. We would basically need to get lucky in every possible aspect to have a prayer of seeing oxygen, and in my experience exoplanets are always tougher than expected. I’m really optimistic that we’ll see some of the easier-to-observe molecules, particularly CO2. While that isn’t a biosignature, it’s still an important piece of the puzzle of habitability.
2023-05-13: About 20 Water Objects in the Solar System
Re-analysis of data from NASA’s Voyager spacecraft, along with new computer modeling, has led NASA scientists to conclude that 4 of Uranus’ largest moons likely contain an ocean layer between their cores and icy crusts. Their study is the first to detail the evolution of the interior makeup and structure of all 5 large moons: Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Miranda. The work suggests 4 of the moons hold oceans that could be 10s of km deep.
Can an interactive website produce false memories? Schlosser performed an intriguing experiment: She took 2 groups of people and had them check out 2 different web sites devoted to the same digital camera. 1 site included static pictures; the other was interactive, allowing users to play around with a virtual version of the product. Later, she tested them on their ability to recall details about the camera. She intentionally included details that were false, but sufficiently plausible that they might have been true. The result? The people who viewed the interactive demo of the camera were much more likely than the folks who’d only viewed static images to “remember” the false details as being present.
there is a lesson for compelling UIs in there somewhere. or maybe for mischief.
we buy unwanted gifts even when we have plenty of knowledge. In fact, we frequently have the most trouble understanding the tastes of those we know a lot about. Not only do we feel overconfident that we’ll pick something they like, but our tendency to assume that we are extremely similar to the ones we love also motivates us to ignore cues that don’t support preconceived notions.
technology is sometimes an enabler for whole new levels of awkward.
“Are you my friend? Yes or no?” This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be ‘Friends.’ Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.
can NP-complete problems be solved efficiently in the physical universe? All hunches would say no, but then we only discovered polynomial time factorization using quantum algorithms 10 years ago.
2011-08-12: Markets being efficient and P != NP can’t both be true, it turns out. So either you can compute fast or make money on the stock market. It remains unclear whether you can MAKE MONEY FAST or not. 2017-01-04: The history of P != NP
In 1955, John Nash sent a remarkable letter to the National Security Agency, in which—seeking to build theoretical foundations for cryptography—he all but formulated what today we call the P=?NP problem, considered one of the great open problems of science. Here I survey the status of this problem in 2017, for a broad audience of mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. I offer a personal perspective on what it’s about, why it’s important, why it’s reasonable to conjecture that P≠NP is both true and provable, why proving it is so hard, the landscape of related problems, and crucially, what progress has been made in the last half-century toward solving those problems. The discussion of progress includes diagonalization and circuit lower bounds; the relativization, algebrization, and natural proofs barriers; and the recent works of Ryan Williams and Ketan Mulmuley, which (in different ways) hint at a duality between impossibility proofs and algorithms.
2022-12-03: Why are there complete problems, really?
This, then, is how universality of computation explains the existence of complete problems. For virtually any class we might define there will be a way of handicapping the universal computer such that it is still able to solve all of the problems in the class while at the same time not breaking the class specific resource constraint.
We can now see that the existence of complete problems is a direct result of one of the core features of computers that also makes them relevant to the real world.
new research on GFN, information markets and bias amplification. a lot of it seems applicable to ed’s argumentarium, if it ever leaves the utopia it is at now.
if we can choose our own media, it’s possible we will use this power to insulate ourselves in an information cocoon, where we systematically avoid dissenting voices and have increasingly less common experience with our fellow citizens. Sunstein worries that a society of these isolated individuals will have difficulty participating in a democracy because citizens need a) some exposure to materials they would not have sought out and b) some common experience as a precursor for joint decision making.
seeing all these illustrations from a couple 100 years back always makes me wonder if everyone just looked wretched, or whether people genuinely had different physiognomies. micro evolution, perhaps 🙂
previously known as junk dna. we now learn that they are the carcasses of ‘dna viruses’, ie spam. it is telling that the os of life is up to 90% spam 🙂
Gregor J. Rothfuss 