Church predicts that de Novo sequencing and inSitu sequencing will be in use within 1-2 years. This will be full reads of millions of base pair sequences. It took 15 days to knock out all of the retroviruses to make humanized pigs.
Tag: biotech
Monsanto saves bees
fighting tons of anti-intellectuals
The rhetoric offended Hayes’ sense of fairness. He knew that environmentalists linked colony collapse to neonicotinoid insecticides and that they thought Monsanto was somehow to blame. But he also knew that Monsanto doesn’t make insecticides. The company’s most famous product, glyphosate—that’s Roundup—kills plants. Its second-most famous product—Roundup-ready seeds—allows plants to resist its most famous product.
Anti-GMO kills
If you’re against GMO, you’re part of the problem killing 1m / year. Are your luddite anxieties really worth that much to you?
Modified rice has 5x the zinc and iron and could help eliminate micronutrient deficiency to save over 1M lives each year and boost GDP of poor nations over 20%
the anti gmo arguments are mostly fraudulent
Greenpeace and its partners weren’t fighting the Bt industry. They were protecting it. They were trying to convince the public that the Bt protein was dangerous when produced by plants but perfectly safe when produced by bacteria and sprayed by farmers. The anti-GMO lobby says Bt crops are worse than Bt sprays, in part because Bt crops have too much of the bacterial toxin. In 2007, for instance, Greenpeace promoted a court petition to stop field trials of Bt eggplant in India. “The Bt toxin in GM crops is 1000x more concentrated than in Bt sprays.” But Greenpeace’s internal research belied that statement. A 2002 Greenpeace report, based on Chinese lab tests, found that the toxin level in Bt crops was severely “limited.” In 2006, when Greenpeace investigators examined Bt corn in Germany and Spain, they got a surprise: “The plants sampled showed in general very low Bt concentrations.”
2022-05-04: Sri Lanka is paying the price for scientific illiteracy.
Sri Lanka imposed a nationwide ban on the importation and use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and ordering the country’s 2m farmers to go organic.
The result was brutal and swift. Against claims that organic methods can produce comparable yields to conventional farming, domestic rice production fell 20% in just the first 6 months. Sri Lanka, long self-sufficient in rice production, has been forced to import $450m worth of rice even as domestic prices for this staple of the national diet surged by 50%. The ban also devastated the nation’s tea crop, its primary export and source of foreign exchange.
By November 2021, with tea production falling, the government partially lifted its fertilizer ban on key export crops, including tea, rubber, and coconut. Faced with angry protests, soaring inflation, and the collapse of Sri Lanka’s currency, the government finally suspended the policy for several key crops—including tea, rubber, and coconut—last month, although it continues for some others. Soon enough, advocates will surely argue that the problem was not with the organic practices they touted but with the precipitous move to implement them in the midst of a crisis. But although the immediate ban on fertilizer use was surely ill conceived, there is literally no example of a major agriculture-producing nation successfully transitioning to fully organic or agroecological production. The European Union has promised a full-scale transition to sustainable agriculture for decades. But while it has banned genetically modified crops and a variety of pesticides as well as has implemented policies to discourage the overuse of synthetic fertilizers, it still depends heavily on synthetic fertilizers to keep yields high, produce affordable, and food secure. It has also struggled with the disastrous effects of overfertilizing surface and ground water with manure from livestock production.
In Sri Lanka, as elsewhere, there is no shortage of problems associated with chemical-intensive and large-scale agriculture. But the solutions to these problems—be they innovations that allow farmers to deliver fertilizer more precisely to plants when they need it, bioengineered microbial soil treatments that fix nitrogen in the soil and reduce the need for both fertilizer and soil disruption, or genetically modified crops that require fewer pesticides and herbicides—will be technological, giving farmers new tools instead of removing old ones that have been proven critical to their livelihoods. They will allow countries like Sri Lanka to mitigate the environmental impacts of agriculture without impoverishing farmers or destroying the economy. Proponents of organic agriculture, by contrast, committed to naturalistic fallacies and suspicious of modern agricultural science, can offer no plausible solutions. What they offer, as Sri Lanka’s disaster has laid bare for all to see, is misery.
Gene drives
knowing what gene drives are is crucial to understand the most important and powerful biotechnology yet.
Gene drives work in mice:
In a paper in Nature, biologists demonstrate that gene drive technology also works — at least up to a point — in a mammal: the mouse. Their findings highlight the potential, but also the significant limitations, of putting gene drives to work in the real world. For at least some time to come, these kinds of “active genetics” technologies may be more useful as laboratory tools than as instruments for remaking nature.
IQ 1000
Given that there are many 1000s of potential positive variants, the implication is clear: If a human being could be engineered to have the positive version of each causal variant, they might exhibit cognitive ability which is 100 standard deviations above average. This corresponds to more than 1000 IQ points.
or perhaps merely 550:
Most humans have 1000 rare (-) alleles for intelligence and height, and someone who is 1 standard deviation above average has 30 fewer (-) variants. A human with none of the negative alleles might be 30 SD above average! Such a person has yet to exist in human history. When current IQ tests were developed, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less, although this was not always so historically. By this definition, 95% of the population scores an IQ between 70 and 130, which is within 2 standard deviations of the mean. 30 SD above average would be an IQ of 550.
here is an urgent rationale to increase everyone’s IQ by 30 points: survival of the species depends on it. our problems are getting harder faster than our ability to adapt, and you need a level of intelligence to set aside your short term aims in favor of a global view. my guess would be that’s around 130. the linked article has proposals how to bring in the rear, which is a great start. and there’s also more modest proposals:
KL-VS did not curb decline, but it did boost cognitive faculties regardless of a person’s age by the equivalent of 6 IQ points. KL-VS will be the most important genetic agent of non-pathological variation in intelligence yet discovered.
another overview:
individual differences in human intelligence can 50%–80% be explained by genetic influences making intelligence one of the most heritable traits. However, present GWAS studies can capture 22% of this heritability. Each gene has a small effect on intelligence. 95% of the genetic variants are located in intronic and intergenic regions and might have a gene regulatory function. 1.4% of associated SNPs are located in DNA fragments that are translated into protein. By 2025, between 100M and 2B human genomes could be sequenced.
and it goes beyond IQ too:
There are people with rare but highly beneficial genes. Adult whole-body gene therapy could make what is currently good and rare into something that is common or universal.

2023-12-15: A sketch how IQ augmentation in adults might be possible
- Determine if it is possible to perform a large number of edits in cell culture with reasonable editing efficiency and low rates of off-target edits.
- Run trials in mice. Try out different delivery vectors. See if you can get any of them to work on an actual animal.
- Run trials in cows. We have good polygenic scores for cow traits like milk production, so we can test whether or not polygenic modifications in adult animals can change trait expression.
- (Possibly in parallel with cows) run trials on chimpanzees
The goal of such trials would be to test our hypotheses about mosaicism, cancer, and the relative effect of genes in adulthood vs childhood.- Run trials in humans on a polygenic brain disease. See if we can make a treatment for depression, Alzheimer’s, or another serious brain condition.
- If the above passes a basic safety test (i.e. no one in the treatment group is dying or getting seriously ill), begin trials for intelligence enhancement.
Germline modification
germline modification will be necessary in the future to prevent an accumulation of harmful mutations, because low infant mortality & lower birthrates removed the traditional way of shedding harmful mutations.
Bioreactor protein synthesis

The key to the cell-free reactions in the new bioreactor is a permeable nanoporous membrane and serpentine (snake-like) design, made using a combination of electron-beam lithography and advanced material-deposition processes. The long serpentine channels allow for exchange of materials between parallel reactor and feeder channels. With this approach, the team can control the exchange of metabolites, energy, and species that inhibit production of the desired protein. The design also extends reaction times and improves yields. Lives of soldiers and others injured in remote locations could be saved with a cell-free protein synthesis device; could also produce custom orphan drugs and personalized medicines at low cost
Biofilms
Biofilms are extremely tough to get rid of, so this is very welcome news.
A solution for biofilms — a scourge of infections in hospitals and kitchens formed by bacteria that stick to each other on living tissue and medical instruments — has been developed: Injecting iron oxide nanoparticles into the biofilms, and using an applied magnetic field to heat them, triggering them into dispersing.
2017-09-15: Physics of biofilms
Bacteria are extremely adept at building biofilm cities, often in places humans don’t want them: catheters, sewer lines, and our teeth, to name a few. Now scientists are working to unlock the structural mysteries in order to eradicate unwanted bacterial buildup. The first biofilm researchers focused more on the chemical environments of these microbial communities rather than the physical forces that also governed their existence. In the past 10 years, advances in microscale engineering and high-resolution microscopy have allowed scientists to measure physical forces acting on individual cells and replicate a range of environmental conditions in the lab that have enabled scientists to begin to track the formation of a biofilm, cell by cell.
An End to Down Syndrome?
things are going to get very complicated, soon.
Diana Bianchi is now trying to fix the developmental abnormalities, often triggered by the non-wild type karyotype, of individuals with Down Syndrome. But the reporting in this piece suggests many in the Down Syndrome community are ambivalent about a cure, though some are supportive. After all, a “fix” implies a problem, which many will not admit. My own question is why pro-life organizations and individuals don’t fund Bianchi’s research to the hilt?
Chips and cells
The ability to build a system that combines the power of solid-state electronics with the capabilities of biological components has great promise. “You need a bomb-sniffing dog now, but if you can take just the part of the dog that is useful — the molecules that are doing the sensing — we wouldn’t need the whole animal”. The technology could also provide a power source for implanted electronic devices in ATP-rich environments such as inside living cells.