Grotzinger, who was advising, not seeking a job, elegantly guided the group through the challenges of climate modelling. Many of the problems were familiar to the Flatiron staff. “Most of the data actually gets ignored,” Grotzinger explained. And there was a problem of collaboration. He was a specialist in historical climate change—specifically, what had caused the great Permian extinction, during which virtually all species died. To properly assess this cataclysm, you had to understand both the rock record and the ocean’s composition, but, “geologists don’t have a history of interacting with physical oceanographers.” He talked about how his best collaboration had resulted from having had lunch with an oceanographer, and how rare this was. Climate modelling was an intrinsically difficult problem made worse by the structural divisions of academia. “They will grope their way to a solution probably in the next 50 years. But, if you had it all under 1 umbrella, I think it could result in a major breakthrough.” Simons and his team were interested. It seemed Flatiron-ready. The scientists asked Grotzinger how many fellows, and how much computing power, such a group would need. Grotzinger estimated that a division would need at least 50 researchers to be effective. “I would include some programmers”. He hopes to have his 4th division in place by next September. Why stop there? Why not 8 units? Why not Simons University? He had the money, after all. But he insisted that 4 divisions was all he could handle, if he wanted both first-class work and a collaborative atmosphere. He added that he needed to manage it all, with his “light touch.” Simons understood that, whatever structure he set up, it ultimately needed to function well without his supervision. The foundation had signed a 35-year lease on the institute’s building, with an option to renew for 15 more. As long as the tax laws didn’t change dramatically, Simons’s fortune could keep the institute going in perpetuity. But humans, he realized, were not machines. “I’m hoping this is going to last 100 years. But I won’t see it.”