A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler. Speaking 6 languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, French, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. Frederick’s religious skepticism was unusual for the era in which he lived, and to his contemporaries was highly shocking and scandalous. To the dislike of some of his contemporaries, Frederick did not believe things that could not be explained by reason

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