The source of the throughput bottleneck is the mechanism TCP uses to regulate its data flow rate. The TCP sender requires an acknowledgement of every packet from the TCP receiver in order to inject more data into the network. When an acknowledgement is missed, TCP assumes that it is overdriving the network capacity and enters an aggressive congestion avoidance algorithm. This algorithm reduces the data flow rate severely, and recovers the rate too slowly to keep modern pipes full. Even small variation in round-trip latency or bit errors due to the network media can cause TCP to enter congestion avoidance. Standard TCP is not equipped to distinguish these sources of packet loss from true link congestion. The consequences to file transfer are dramatic

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